Color of flowers: yellow Blooms: Summer Ecological value: provides shelter and forage to a variety of native song and game birds
Native habitat: fields, thickets, roadsides, disturbed areas Sunlight: full sun, intolerant of shade Soil moisture level: medium wet-dry soil; well-drained to poorly-drained Adapted to the following soil types: fine and medium textured soils Anaerobic tolerance: none CaCo3 tolerance: none Drought tolerant: medium Soil pH range of tolerance: 6.0-7.0
Where/how to plant: we recommend that you plant this species in its native habitat, or conditions that mimic its native habitat Management: control competeing perennials after planting so that it can get well-established
Notes:
References Elliman, Ted, and New England Wild Flower Society. Wildflowers of New England. Timber Press, 2016.
Levine, Carol. A Guide To Wildflowers in Winter: Herbaceous Plants of Northeastern North America. Yale University Press, 1995.